![]() ![]() Microsimulation models were created in R using a synthetic sample based on primary data from 63 subjects enrolled in a pilot study of a smartphone application (App), Diabetes Pal compared to a nurse-based telemedicine strategy (Nurse). To examine the value of a Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) design compared to a conventional randomized control trial (RCT) for telemedicine strategies to support titration of insulin therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients new to insulin. We discuss the implications of this review and future directions for research. Results indicate (a) participants with reported demographics were predominantly White or Black/African American and male (b) participants in research samples were significantly different from the national population on gender, age, and race across study designs (c) the research samples included significantly more White and Black/African American participants and fewer from other minority racial groups compared to the national population (d) male participants were overrepresented and female underrepresented in studies generally, but the pattern was reversed in researcher-recruit samples and (e) young children aged 3-5 years old were severely underrepresented in the research sample. We conducted a systematic literature review examining participant characteristics of studies of students with ED with the purpose of better understanding potential similarities and differences between students with ED in research and the population of students with ED. We describe the key characteristics of HEDs (i.e., what they are), explain their scientific rationale (i.e., why they are needed), and provide guidelines for their design and corresponding data analysis (i.e., how can data arising from HEDs be used to inform effective and scalable psychological interventions). ![]() Here, we introduce the hybrid experimental design (HED)-a new experimental approach that can be used to answer scientific questions about building psychological interventions in which human-delivered and digital components are integrated and adapted at multiple timescales. However, these methodologies do not accommodate sequencing and adaptation of components at multiple timescales and hence cannot be used to empirically inform the joint sequencing and adaptation of human-delivered and digital components. Existing experimental designs can be used to answer questions either about human-delivered components that are typically sequenced and adapted at relatively slow timescales (e.g., monthly) or about digital components that are typically sequenced and adapted at much faster timescales (e.g., daily). ![]() Hence, the integration of digital and human-delivered components is critical to building effective and scalable psychological interventions. Human delivery of interventions (e.g., by clinical staff) can be more engaging but potentially more expensive and burdensome. However, insufficient engagement remains a critical barrier to the effectiveness of digital interventions. Advances in mobile and wireless technologies offer tremendous opportunities for extending the reach and impact of psychological interventions and for adapting interventions to the unique and changing needs of individuals. ![]()
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